Simultaneous and synergistic profiling of cloud and drizzle properties using ground-based observations

Despite the importance of radar reflectivity (Z) measurements in the retrieval of liquid water cloud properties, it remains non-trivial to interpret Z due to the possible presence of drizzle droplets within the clouds. So far, there has been no published work that utilizes Z to identify the presence of drizzle above the cloud base in an optimized and a physically-consistent manner. In this work, we develop a retrieval technique that exploits the synergy of different remote sensing systems to carry out this task and to subsequently profile the microphysical properties of the cloud and drizzle in a unified framework. This is accomplished by using ground-based measurements of Z, lidar attenuated backscatter below as well as above the cloud base, and microwave brightness temperatures. Fast physical forward models coupled to cloud and drizzle structure parametrization are used in an optimal estimation type framework in order to retrieve the best-estimate for the cloud and drizzle property profiles. The cloud retrieval is first evaluated using synthetic signals generated from large-eddy simulation output to verify the forward models used in the retrieval procedure and the vertical parametrization of the liquid water content. From this exercise it is found that, on average, the cloud properties can be retrieved within 5 % of the mean truth. The full cloud-drizzle retrieval method is then applied to a selected ACCEPT campaign dataset collected in Cabauw, The Netherlands. An assessment of the retrieval products is performed using three independent methods from the literature, each was specifically developed to retrieve only the cloud properties, the drizzle properties below the cloud base, or the drizzle fraction within the cloud, respectively. One-to-one comparisons, taking into account the uncertainties or limitations of each retrieval, show that our results are generally consistent with what is derived using the three independent methods.